Staining of teeth in children

The causes of tooth discoloration are classified according to the location of the stains and are divided into extrinsic or intrinsic.

Extrinsic discoloration is deposited on the tooth surface.

Intrinsic stains occur when the tooth structure is penetrated by pigmented materials, usually during tooth development.

A specific type of external stain is the black stain. It is characterized as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark dots formed on the neck of the tooth and following the contour of the gum margin, firmly attached to the tooth surface. Black stain is a common finding in children; however it can be also seen in adults.

Causes of extrinsic/ external black stains: These stains are produced by some bacteria in the dental plaque. Kids who are on iron supplements can develop black stains on teeth. Also if mothers have black stains on their teeth, there are more chances for kids to have them in the mouth. Hormonal changes can also affect the appearance and disappearance of these stains on the teeth. Treatment is based on the cause and may include scaling and polishing of the teeth.

Causes of intrinsic stains: dental fluorosis, tetracycline stains, inherited developmental defects of enamel and dentin, hematologic (blood) disorders, or due to pulpal necrosis (death of the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth). These stains can be localized on one or several teeth, through trauma or staining due to filling materials (amalgam staining). Treatment may include tooth colored fillings, veneers or crowns depending on the cause and severity of discoloration.